Incoordination

Clinic

• It is an entity belongs to UMN series
• It is problem in coordination of small muscles in movement with the eyes, hands and fingers.

Physiology

• Fine motor skill (or dexterity) is the coordination of small muscles in movement with the eyes, hands and fingers.
• Fine motor skills aid in the growth of intelligence and develop continuously throughout the stages of human development.

Motor skills are categorized into two groups:

• Gross motor skills: Movement and coordination of the arms, legs, and other large body parts. They involve actions such as running, crawling and swimming.
• Fine motor skills: Smaller movements that occur in the wrists, hands, fingers, feet and toes.

Developmental stage

• Through each developmental stage, motor skills gradually develop. They are first seen during infancy, toddler-hood, preschool and school age.
• "Basic" fine motor skills gradually develop and are typically mastered between the ages of 6–12 in children.
• Fine motor skills develop with age and practice.

Infancy

• Early fine motor skills are involuntary reflexes.
• They are temporary and often disappear after the first two months.
• After eight weeks, an infant will begin to voluntarily use fingers to touch.
• Hand–eye coordination begins to develop at 2-5 months. Infants begin to reach for and grasp objects at this age.

Toddlerhood

• By the time a child is one year old, their fine motor skills have developed to hold and look at objects.
• As children manipulate objects with purpose, they gain experience identifying objects based on their shape, size, and weight.
• This develops the child's fine motor skills, and their understanding of the world. A toddler will show hand dominance.

Preschool (2-5 years)

• At this time, the child is capable of grasping objects using the static tripod grasp, which is the combined use of the index, thumb, and middle finger.
• A preschool child's motor skills are moderate, allowing the child to cut shapes out of paper, draw or trace over vertical lines with crayons, button their clothes, and pick up objects. A preferred hand dominates the majority of their activities. They also develop sensory awareness and interpret their environment by using their senses and moving accordingly.

School age (5-7 years)

• The fine motor skills will have developed. As the child interacts with objects the movements of the elbows and shoulders should be less apparent, as should the movements of wrist and fingers.
• From the ages of 3–5 years old, girls advance their fine motor skills more than boys.
• Girls develop physically at an earlier age than boys
• Boys advance in gross motor skills later on at around age 5 and up.
• Girls are more advanced in balance and motor dexterity.

Causes

• Brain Injury/ Stroke
• Congenital limb deformities
• Cerebral palsy
• Developmental disabilities