Central diabetes insipidus

Clinic

• Also called neurogenic diabetes insipidus, is a type of diabetes insipidus due to a lack of vasopressin (ADH) production in the brain.
• Vasopressin acts to increase the volume of blood (intravascularly), and decrease the volume of urine produced. Therefore, a lack of it causes increased urine production and volume depletion.
• It is also known as neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus, referring to the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), which is supplied by the hypothalamus
• The name diabetes insipidus is a misleading misnomer. A better name might be "hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal ADH deficiency".

Signs and symptoms

Increased thirst, polyuria and dehydration with metabolic encephalopathy.

Causes

• At least 25% of cases neurogenic diabetes insipidus has unknown cause.
• Known causes are
  • Benign suprasellar tumors (20% of cases)
  • Infections (Encephalitis, Tuberculosis, etc.)
  • Trauma (17% of cases)
  • Neurosurgery (9% of cases)
  • Non-infectious granuloma (Sarcoidosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis etc.)
  • Leukaemia
  • Autoimmune associated with thyroiditis
  • Other rare causes which include hemochromatosis and histiocytosis.

Miasm

MTB