Pernicious anemia

Clinic

• Pernicious anemia is a type of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anemia, a disease in which not enough red blood cells are produced due to the malabsorption of vitamin B₁₂.
• Pernicious anemia occurs due to an autoimmune response that produces antibodies that attack the parietal cells in the stomach lining and prevents them from creating intrinsic factor.

Signs / Symptoms

• Pernicious anemia often presents slowly, and can cause harm insidiously and unnoticeably. Untreated, it can lead to neurological complications, and in serious cases, death.

Causes

Dynamic	Static

• Other causes of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency include Celiac disease, tapeworm infection, chronic pancreatitis, or not enough dietary intake such as strict vegan diet. When suspected, diagnosis is made by blood tests initially a complete blood count, and occasionally, bone marrow tests.
• Vitamin B₁₂ cannot be produced by the human body, and must be obtained from the diet.
• When foods containing B₁₂ are eaten, the vitamin is usually bound to protein and is released by proteases released by the pancreas into the small bowel.
• Following its release, most B₁₂ is absorbed by the body in the small bowel (ileum) after binding to a protein known as intrinsic factor.
• Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa and the intrinsic factor-B₁₂-complex is absorbed by enterocytes in the ileum's cubam receptors. PA is characterized by B₁₂ deficiency caused by the absence of intrinsic factor.
• Other disorders that can disrupt the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine include celiac disease, surgical removal of crohn's disease, and HIV.

• Atrophic gastritis showing patchy atrophy of oxyntic mucosa
• PA may be considered as an end stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis

Note

Most of sign / Symptoms of PA are post-nodes. The only Dynamic miasmatic entitt is atrophic gastritis