Phonemic disorders entities
Clinic
It is a kind of Speech sound disorder. It is also called a phonological disorder. It is characterized by
- Trouble learning the sound system of the language
- Failing to recognize which sound-contrasts
- Contrast meaning.
For example, the sounds /k/ and /t/ may not be recognized as having different meanings, so "call" and "tall" might be treated as homophones, both being pronounced as "tall." This is called phoneme collapse, and in some cases many sounds may all be represented by one — e.g., /d/ might replace /t/, /k/, and /g/. As a result, the number of error sounds is often (though not always) greater than with articulation disorders and substitutions are usually the most common error. Phonemic disorders are often treated using minimal pairs (two words that differ by only one sound) to draw the child's attention to the difference and its effect on communication.
Some children with phonemic disorders can hear that two phonemes are different from each other when others speak, but are not aware that those phonemes sound the same when they themselves speak. This is called the fis phenomenon, after a scenario in which a speech pathologist says, "You said 'fis,' did you mean 'fish'?" And the child responds, "No, I didn't say 'fis,' I said 'fis'." In some cases, a child is making sounds which, while similar, are acoustically distinct. Others don’t hear that difference, however, because the two sounds are not treated as separate phonemes in the language being spoken.
Though phonemic disorders are often considered language disorders in that it is the language system that is affected, they are also speech sound disorders in that the errors relate to use of phonemes. This makes them different from specific language impairment, which is primarily a disorder of the syntax (grammar) and usage of language rather than the sound system. However, the two can coexist, affecting the same person.
Other disorders can deal with a variety of different ways to pronounce consonants. Some examples are glides and liquids. Glides occur when the articulatory posture changes gradually from consonant to vowel. Liquids can include /l/ and /ɹ/.
Etiology
- Developmental disorders (e.g. Autism)
- Genetic disorders (e.g. Down syndrome)
- Hearing loss, including temporary hearing loss, such as from ear infections
- Cleft palate or other physical anomalies of the mouth
- Neurological disorders (e.g. cerebral palsy)