ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorder entities

Autism Spectrum

• Autism
• Asperger's disorder
• Childhood disintegrative disorder
• PDD: Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave.
• It is described as a “developmental disorder” because symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life.
• According toDSM-5 ASD often have:

		Entities
Social communication / interaction behaviors Joint attention Speech problems	Eye contact Decreased sharing interest, emotion, enjoyment of Objects / Activities Not responding to his name Difficulties with conversation / understanding others Displaying wrong facial expressions, movements, and gestures Unusual tone of voice that may sound sing-song or flat and robot-like Difficulties adjusting behaviors to social situations Difficulties sharing in imaginative play or in making friends	Sensory Ataxia
Restrictive / repetitive behaviors	Repeating certain behaviors or having unusual behaviors / words (echolalia) Intense interest in specific topics Overt focused interests with moving objects Do not tolerate slight changes Being more sensitive or less sensitive than other people to sensory input, such as light, sound or temperature	Impaired Cognition
Sleep problems and irritability. (83.3%)	Questionnaire studies report the presence of various parasomnia in ASD The results showed significantly more non-REM parasomnias ASD, characterized by increased spontaneous arousals, prolonged REM latency and reduced REM percentage.
Motor signs (60–80%)	Poor muscle tone Poor motor planning Toe walking Deficits in motor coordination are pervasive across ASD and are greater in autism proper.	Gait abnormalities Awakwardness Incoordination
Unusual eating behavior (75%)	Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur.	Behavioral Change
Gender dysphoria	Autistic males are more likely to identify as bisexual Autistic females are more likely to identify as homosexual
Gastrointestinal problems	are one of the most commonly co-occurring medical conditions in autistic people. These are linked to greater social impairment, irritability, language impairments, mood changes, and behavior and sleep problems.
Articulation/phonological difficulties	Speech Apraxia is common in ASD. (66%) Phonological impairment (Atypical phonological processes) Delayed development		CJD JE
Psychosis (34. 8%)	There is strong evidence for the existence of a high comorbidity between autism and psychosis with percentages reaching up to 34. 8%
Reflexes	Tendon guard reflex Retained Primitive Reflexes