Schizophrenia

Clinic

• It is a mental Disease characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis.
• Major symptoms include Hallucinations (typically hearing voices), Delusions, and Disorganized thinking.
• Other symptoms include Social withdrawal, Decreased emotional expression, and Apathy.
• Symptoms typically develop gradually, begin during young adulthood, and in many cases never become resolved.
• Most of them have other mental disorders, esp Substance use disorders, Depressive disorders, Anxiety disorders, and OCD.

Positive symptoms

• Delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts and speech, typically regarded as manifestations of psychosis.
• Hallucination (80% of Cases) most commonly involve hearing (Often hearing voices) but other senses maybe involved.
• Hallucination are also typically related to the content of the delusional theme.
• Delusions are bizarre or persecutory in nature.
• Thought disorders can include Thought blocking, and Disorganized speech.

The best rubrics are

• Delusion
• Hallucination
• Psychosis

Negative symptoms

Apathy includes

• Avolition: Lack of motivation, Blunted affect – showing flat expressions or little emotion
• Anhedonia: Inability to feel pleasure
• Asociality: Lack of desire to form relationships / Social withdrawal
• Diminished expression includes blunt affect
• Alogia: Poverty of speech

• In 50%, it is related to disrupted cognitive processing affecting memory and planning including goal-directed behavior.
• Avolition and anhedonia are seen as motivational deficits resulting from impaired reward processing.

The best rubric are

• Depression
• Altered Thought pattern

Cognitive symptoms

• Cognitive symptoms (70%) are most pronounced in early onset and late-onset illness. These are often evident long before the onset of illness in the prodromal stage.
• Cognitive deficits are core features and may be of Neurocognition (nonsocial) or of Social cognition.
  • Neurocognition is the ability to receive and remember information, includes verbal fluency, memory, reasoning, problem solving, speed of processing, and auditory and visual perception.
  • Mostly Verbal memory and attention are affected. Verbal memory impairment is associated with a decreased level of semantic processing (relating meaning to words).
  • Episodic memory. An impairment in visual perception that is consistently found in schizophrenia is that of visual backward masking. Visual processing impairments include an inability to perceive complex visual illusions.
  • Social cognition is concerned with the mental operations needed to interpret, and understand the self and others in the social world. This is also an associated impairment, and facial emotion perception is often found to be difficult. Facial perception is critical for ordinary social interaction.

Sub types

Paranoid Schizophrenia

• Usually manifests itself in intense and nonsensical suspicions
• Auditory hallucinations that confirm their suspicions.
• Disorganized behavior and speech patterns, are usually not present
• NVCJD is good candidate.

Catatonic Schizophrenia

• Moving too much or too little.
  • Motionless and resist any attempts to move them, staying rigid and stationary.
  • Purposeless movement including repeat what others say over and over, and mimic the movements of those around them.
  • They may also make strange faces or body contortions, and engage in rocking, waving, or nail-biting.
  • Considering Rigidity, good candidates would be RBS and JE

Residual Schizophrenia

• Residual schizophrenics are not currently experiencing any of the more serious symptoms of schizophrenia, including no signs of hallucinations, disorganized speech, or catatonic behaviors.
• However, they will experience at least two minor symptoms, such as odd beliefs, trouble paying attention, withdrawing from society, and talking less.
• Considering Delusion and Altered thought pattern, Psychosis and Depression, the best candidate would be EBV and JE

Disorganized Schizophrenia

• Disorganized schizophrenia is primarily distinguished by “disorganized” symptoms such as disorganized speech, behavior, and inappropriate behavior. This can include resisting eye contact, the inability to make facial expressions, incoherence, and trouble beginning or finishing a task.

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

• If somebody diagnosed with schizophrenia has trouble classifying themselves into any of the above subtypes but still experience symptoms, they will be labeled as someone with undifferentiated schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia Black Box

Four stages:

1. Free-will
   • Human-being has free will around the axis of self.
   • "Free-will" make and support "Self".
   • So self is not a meaningful identity without free-will.
   • You make yourself by your thinking / behaviors. Probably you imitate someone, then what makes these thinking / Behaviors, yours? Of course your free-will.
   • This is your identity, therefore you are caring it Uninterruptedly
   • Free-will did not exist from the beginning, therefore you make it through evolution since you need it.
   • It is vital for your survival so anything that threatens it is considered an emergency.
   • That's why hallucinations of RBS is so wild, since this virus attack the center of you, which is your self-identity.
   • This is the state of Delirium and if it is not solved, it would be push you to the state of Paranoid mania. In this stage the patient have transient Hallucination with or without Delusions.
   • Here Alum is the best choice
2. Paranoia
   • The second stage would be Paranoid Schizophrenia. In this stage thought pattern is destroyed.
   • Hyos and lach is the best
3. The patient loose his movement control which is named Catatonic Schizophrenia.
   • Since his movement system is intact, he has purposeless movement which is named Stereotypy or purposeless immobility which is incorrectly named Rigidity.
   • Cupr and Plb are the first choice
4. The end stage of this sinister story is Hebephrenic Schizophrenia. in this stage the patient enters a persistent disorganizing of will which is the meaning of skhizein= split phrēn= mind.

	RBS	JE	EBV	NVCJD
Psychosis	+++	+++	+++	+++
Auditory H				+++
Depression		+++	+++	+++
Altered Pattern of thought	+++	+++	+++
Behavioral change	+++	+++	+++	+++
Cognition impaired	+++	+++	+++	+++
Memory weakness	+++	+++	+++	+++
Rigidity	+++	+++
Sub types	Catatonic	Catatonic Residual	Residual	Paranoidal
		CUPR, MERC, Nux-v, Lach, Phos, Hyos, Bell, Sul ,Stram, Agar	ARS, PHOS, Nux-v, Carc, Merc, Sul, Ign	BELL, Stram, LACH

Remedies

			Delusions Halucinations	Speech
Lach	Top remedy High Degree of Suspiciousness Paranoia Loquacity Restless Jealous Religious	Restless and uneasy; does not wish to attend to business Wants to be off somewhere all the time. Jealous; mental labor best performed at night; euthanasia; Nightly delusion of fire Derangement of the time sense. Amative, but sad in the morning; no desire to mix with the world.	Paranoid delusions High suspicion: Being poisoned, harmed, being pursued by enemies. Being under control of a superhuman power Extreme degree of suspicion Wish to isolate themselves, aversion to work	Marked loquacity Continuously talking with quick jumps from one to another unrelated subject. Repetition of the same words over and over again
Anac	Auditory Hallucinations Violence / Abusive Suspicion Double being sensation Blasphemy Low self confidence As if possessed of two persons or wills	Violence Very easily offended. Excessive anger at the slightest offense. Malicious; seems bent on wickedness. Suspicion: Anxiety when walking, as if pursued ُSaddness: Aversion to work Feeling that everything is a dream and nothing is real.	Auditory Hallucinations The voices are mostly of spirits or dead people. The voices say that they are going to die soon. The spirits call their name and command them to follow them. The voices speak in abusive language.	Profound melancholy and hypochondriasis and abusive Senile dementia: Absent-mindedness / Forgetfulness/Brain-fag Immoral: Absence of all moral restraint. Abusive and curse
Hyos	Delusion of Being Poisoned Foolish behavior Shameless Increased sexual desire Conspiracy	Laughing loudly at everything is also markedly present. An impulse to strike and bite others may also arise along with delusions. Unintelligible chattering can also appear. Patient feels that others are making some planning and plotting against them. Jealousy motivates the behaviors including the violent outburst Patient becomes shameless and exposes his/her genitals to anyone, plays with his genitals ceaselessly. Increased sexual desire and behaviors He imagines a queer kind of paper on the wall and he keeps imaging strange things about the figures. Picks up bed clothes; makes no complaints	Someone is going to poison them, so they avoid eating or drinking. His family members are keeping a watch over them all the time.  He talks of imaginary things. Illusion of vermin, rats, mice in the room.
Stram	Visual delusions Disorganized speech	Visual halucinations They can talk with spirits, which makes him restlessness. They conversate with imaginary people Delusions of the presence of multiple persons in the room. He sees people coming out of all corners of the chamber. Thoughts They are under the influence of these spirits A firm belief that he is going to die soon. So they start to give directions for their funeral. Self accusation Religious insanity: They are in communication with God Constant praying and recitation of religious rhymes Hearing Patients hear voices that scold them Speech Disorganized speech Continuous talking Incomprehensible speech Loss of reason or speech Lascivious talk Violent speech: Maniac, Curses, Tears ones clothes with teeth General Active variable delirium Raving mania with cold sweat Strange absurd ideas: Thinks himself tall, double Lying crosswise One half of the body cut off, etc. Limbs feel separated from the body Laughs at night, weeps during day Talking with others is intolerable Fear and anxiety on hearing water run Exposes the part. Stupid; imbecile; sits silent, eyes on ground, picking at her clothes; Wants to kill people or himself Wife thinks husband neglecting her, man thinks his wife faithless.

Bar-c – Person is being Talked About

• Other people are talking about them
• They are being made fun of and people always laugh at them
• Difficulty in concentration and confusion of mind.
• Childish behavior

Phos

• Grandiose delusion: Extra-gated idea of self-importance
• Over sensitiveness
• Depression

Bell

• He sees ghosts, hideous faces, animals, and insects.
• He fears these imaginary things and wants to run away.
• Patient breaks into fits of laughter or screams
• He gnashes his teeth with inclination to bite others
• He strikes those around him.
• Patients loses his memory of all things and becomes wild
• He wants to run away from all his attendants
• Aversion to noise, company and light
• Hot head, cold hands and feet
• Hydrophobia
• Finally the person becomes pale as the stupor increases.

Aur

• Feeling of self condemnation and utter worthlessness
• Profound despondency, with Thoughts / Talks of suicide
• Great fear of death
• Peevish and vehement at least contradiction
• Anthrophobia; mental derangements.
• Constant rapid questioning without waiting for reply
• Cannot do things fast enough
• Over sensitiveness to noise, excitement, confusion.

Other remedies

Syph, Kali-br Cann-i, Kreos, Cupr, Ars, Merc, Med, Carc, Ph-ac, Nux-v, Agar, Pic-ac, Calc-p, Sul, Ign, Lyc